韦伯官僚制思想观照下的墨家社会组织学说-《南京师大学报（社会科学版）》

文章信息/Info

Title:: Mohist Theory of Social Organization Viewed from the Perspective ofWeber’s Notion of Bureaucracy

摘要:: 以“尚贤”、“尚同”学说为核心，墨家以一种极其理性的态度设计出了一个极具理想化的社会统治的组织架构。在这个组织架构中，其组织结构层次分明，权力等级秩序井然；在组织中，由德才兼备、训练有素者充任各级官员，并在分权、分工的思想下，实行下级对上级逐层负责，最终统一于“天子”的一元化权力运行机制；组织中的官员必须以正确执“法”为其职责履行的基础，同时根据职位、能力和功劳等享有相应的地位和权利。对墨家的社会组织思想，如果将马克斯·韦伯的理性官僚制（又称科层制）思想与之相对照，可以看出二者不仅在组织模型的基本构建上，而且在组织的某些精神特质方面都存在着一些息息相通的地方。墨家这种构思宏大而系统的社会组织思想之所以形成，与当时的社会历史条件及墨家的自身因素密切相关。

Abstract:: Focusing on“ veneration for gentlemen” and“ identification with the superior” and basedon maximum rationality，Mohism designed an extremely idealized organization framework for socialmanagement. In this framework，the organization structure is well-arranged and authority ranks are wellordered.In the organization，well-trained people with both political integrity and professional competenceserve as officials on various ranks. Guided by the idea of“ separation of powers” and“ division of duties”，theinferior is responsible to the superior level by level. This is eventually unified in the centralized power operationmechanism of the“ monarch” . In the organization，officials must base their duty performance on correct“law” enforcement，and enjoy corresponding status and rights according to their position，competence andcontribution. If we compare the Mohist idea of social organization with the rational bureaucracy（ also termed“hierarchy”） of Max Weber，a German socialist，we can infer that the two have a lot in common in the basicconstruction of organization model and ethos of organization. The formation of such a grandly-conceived andsystematic idea of social organization is a natural development of the Mohist theory，which was closely relatedto the social and historical conditions at that time.