古汉语全称量化用法析义-《南京师大学报》（社会科学版）

文章信息/Info

Keywords:: Classical Chinese; universal quantifier; logical term; linguistic philosophy of Chinese

摘要:: 本文考察古汉语全称量词的量化用法。古汉语全称量词有“每”“兼”“皆”“遍”“泛”“周”“各”等。从位置与辖域来看，“兼”“遍”“泛”“周”为跳辖，“皆”“各”为逆辖，“每”为顺辖。又有量化主体与量化客体之分:“皆”“各”量化主体，“兼”“每”“遍”“泛”“周”量化客体。又有整分之别:“皆”“遍”“泛”“周”的语义焦点在元素之整体，而“每”“各”“兼”的语义焦点在元素整体之内部。细言之，“每”重元素个体，“各”重元素独体，“兼”则强调了尽管元素间存在差别却须无差别地对待之。就方法论来说，事上明理考量词，于量词观其日用，析其逻辑，明其逻辑之理，兼明逻辑之外之理。

Abstract:: This thesis is intended to examine universal quantification in classical Chinese in which universal quantifiers include mei (每), jian (兼), jie (皆), bian (遍), fan(泛), zhou (周), and ge (各). According to location and scope, the function of jian, bian, fan and zhou can be described as jump jurisdiction, that of jie and ge forward jurisdiction, while that of mei reverse jurisdiction. They can also be divided into subjective quantifiers, including jie and ge, and objective quantifiers, including jian, mei, bian, fan and zhou. In addition, jie, bian, fan and zhou semantically focuses on the whole of quantified elements, while mei, ge and jie on the part of quantified elements. More specially, mei emphasizes the individuality of elements, ge highlights the uniqueness of elements, while jian implies that we shall treat the elements indiscriminately despite of their differences. Methodologically speaking, this thesis shows that in the examination of a quantifier we shall investigate its ordinary and logical usage to understand its logical and non-logical truth.

备注/Memo:: 刘梁剑,华东师范大学中国现代思想文化研究所暨哲学系教授。本文系国家社科基金重大项目“逻辑词汇的历史演进与哲学问题研究”(20&ZD046)的阶段性成果。本文写作得到逻辑学专业张留华教授、晋荣东教授、魏宇博士的帮助和指正,谨致谢忱。
LIU Liangjian is Professor at Institute of Modern Chinese Thought and Culture and Department of Philosophy, East China Normal University(Shanghai 200062).