论斯普兰格的结构描述心理学-《南京师大学报》（社会科学版）

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Keywords:: Spranger; descriptive psychology; types of personality; mental development; human science

摘要:: 德国著名心理学家斯普兰格所提出的结构描述心理学,是对狄尔泰浪漫主义描述心理学传统的传承和发展。他坚持描述心理学与说明心理学的二元对立,认为注重文化情境和整体理解的人文科学取向的描述心理学更有利于真实地把握心理生命的意义完整性,而迷恋实验室操作、因果假设和元素分析的自然科学取向的说明心理学会破坏心理生命的意义完整性。他主张在心理学人文科学观指导下,以富有意义的理解方法去把握和领会深嵌于社会、历史和文化关系中的心理生命结构体。他在描述心理学框架内,根据人对六种文化领域的兴趣和价值,提出了六种人格类型即理论型、经济型、审美型、社会型、政治型和宗教型,并对青少年心理发展问题作了富有成效的具体探索,指出了青少年心理发展的三个基本特征即自我的发现、生活计划的出现和跨入各种生活领域。他的描述心理学与狄尔泰的描述心理学一脉相承,并在具体内容上发展和超越了后者。

Abstract:: The structural descriptive psychology, proposed by famous German psychologist Spranger, inherits and develops the romantic tradition in descriptive psychology inaugurated by Dilthey. Spranger insisted on interpreting the relation between descriptive psychology and explanatory psychology from the angle of binary opposition. In his opinion, human science-oriented descriptive psychology is more conducive to a true grasp of the integrity of mental life’s significance due to its emphasis on cultural context and overall understanding. Yet natural science-oriented psychology undermines such integrity for its obsession with lab operation, causal hypothesis and element analysis. Spranger took psychology as a subject of human science, and advocated that we should comprehend the integral structure of mental life in social, historical and cultural contexts. Within the framework of psychology, he identified six basic types of personality(theoretical, economic, aesthetic, social, political and religious), each corresponding to a certain cultural domain. In addition, he made fruitful explorations of adolescent mental development, and summarized its three characteristics: identity discovery, emergence of a life plan and entry into different life domains. Spranger’s structural descriptive psychology, in line with Dilthey’s descriptive psychology, develops and surpasses the latter on some concrete issues.