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《南京师大学报》（社会科学版）[ISSN:1006-6977/CN:61-1281/TN]

卷:

期数:

2023年02期

页码:

020-31

栏目:

本刊特稿

出版日期:

2023-04-25

文章信息/Info

Title:

Legal Obligations: Basic Semantic Types and Characteristics

作者:

王夏昊

Author(s):

WANG Xiahao

关键词:

法律权利;  法律义务;  道德义务;  职责性义务;  服从性义务

Keywords:

legal rights legal obligation;  moral obligation;  obligation as duty;  obligation as obedience

摘要:

与法律权利语义类型相对应的法律义务语义类型,总体上可分为职责性法律义务和服从性法律义务。法律义务作为义务,具有实践规范性、必然要求性、规定性和强制性。法律义务对义务人施加了一定的压力或社会压力,但是,它与制裁或法律制裁不同; 法律义务既与错误的观念相关联也与应负责任性相关联,但是,它与责任或法律责任不同。法律义务与以道德义务为代表的其他义务在来源上的不同,决定了它与道德义务在性质上和内容上的不同。就性质不同而言,法律义务具有裁定性和时空性,道德义务不具有裁定性但具有超时空性。法律义务与其所要求的行为之间的关系,是一种在事实上能被实现的关系。道德义务与其所要求的行为之间的关系,是一种虚拟关系。就内容不同而言,一方面,法律义务所具有的实用目的和政治伦理的内容,是道德义务不可能具有的内容; 另一方面,虽然某些法律义务的内容来自道德义务,但是,法律义务在内容的具体规定方面具有具体性、完整性、最终性以及可以消除人们对道德义务内容认识上的不确定性。

Abstract:

The semantic types of legal obligations, corresponding to different semantic types of legal rights, are divided into legal obligations as duties and legal obligations as obedience. Legal obligations as duties are practically normative, necessarily demanding, prescriptive and mandatory. Legal obligation exerts a certain pressure or social pressure on the obligor, but it is different from sanction or legal sanction. Legal obligation is associated with both misconceptions and responsibleness, but it is different from responsibility or legal responsibility. The difference in origin between legal obligations and other obligations represented by moral obligations determines its difference in nature and content from moral obligations. As far as the difference in nature is concerned, legal obligations are adjudicative and constrained temporally and spatially, while moral obligations are not adjudicative and free from temporal and spatial constraints. The relationship between a legal obligation and its required behavior is a type of relationship that can be realized in reality. The relationship between a moral obligation and its required behavior is a virtual relationship. As far as the difference in content is concerned, on the one hand, legal obligations have a practical purpose and political-ethical content that moral obligations cannot have; on the other hand, although the content of certain legal obligations is derived from moral obligations, legal obligations have specificity, completeness, finality, and the possibility of eliminating uncertainty in the perception of the content of moral obligations in terms of the specification of their content.

备注/Memo

备注/Memo:

王夏昊,法学博士,中国政法大学法理学研究所教授、博士生导师(北京102249)。
WANG Xiahao, PhD in Law, is Professor and PhD Supervisor at Institute for Jurisprudence Studies, China University of Political Science and Law(Beijing 102249).

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更新日期/Last Update: 2023-04-25