行为无价值论与积极一般预防-《南京师大学报》（社会科学版）

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Keywords:: theory of conduct without value; theory of consequence without value; purpose of punishment; positive general prevention

摘要:: 犯罪是和刑罚相对应的概念,合理的违法性论必定与能够充分发挥其效果的刑罚论相联系; 离开对刑罚相关问题的认识,不可能清晰地揭示犯罪的本质。特殊预防和由费尔巴哈所首倡的消极一般预防都存在明显缺陷。积极一般预防论的主旨是通过指导公众的行为,确立公众对于规范的认同、尊重进而预防犯罪。行为无价值二元论认为犯罪的本质是违反行为规范进而造成法益侵害,刑法的目的就是维护社会基本行为准则的存在并最终保护法益,相应地,对刑罚的目的就不应当定位于通过威慑来阻止现实或者潜在的犯罪人和社会一般人今后不犯罪,而是要凸显规范的意义,引导公众按照行为规范行事,因而主张积极的、规范的一般预防,使犯罪论和刑罚论浑然一体、前后照应。肯定积极的一般预防论有助于准确认定中止犯、过失犯; 同时,不会造成重刑化,不会无端限制个人行动自由。

Abstract:: Crime and punishment are two notions corresponding to each other. A reasonable theory of illegality must be related to that of punishment which can give full play to its effect. Without adequate understanding of punishment, it is unlikely for us to reveal the essence of crime. Both specific prevention and negative general prevention first proposed by Feuerbach have obvious defects. Positive general prevention aims to build the public’s identification with and respect for social norms by guiding their behaviors so as to prevent crimes. The dualism of conduct without value and consequence without value holds that the essence of crime lies in infringing on legal interests through violating norms. Thus, the purpose of criminal law is to safeguard social norms and legal interests. Instead of deterring criminals, potential criminals and common people from committing crimes, we should highlight the significance of norms and guide the public to abide by them. Hence, it is advisable to integrate standard positive general prevention with crime and punishment. Positive general prevention helps to identify discontinuation of a crime and criminal negligence. Meanwhile, it will not bring about severe punishment and arbitrary limitation on individual freedom.